Private citizens and companies may start permanently solving outer space and celestial bodies. However, if we do not formulate laws during this period, then space settlers may face legal confusion.

Many wars on the earth began with territorial disputes. In order to avoid such disputes in space, countries should consider formulating national laws to specify the degree of authority of each settlement in the outer space and provide a process of resolving conflicts.

I have been engaged in the research and writing of space law for more than 40 years. Through my work, I studied the way to avoid war and resolve disputes in space.

Attributes in space

Space is an international area. The company and individuals can freely log in to their space items, including satellites, aerospaces of humans and robots, and facilities for human living-on the celestial body and operate anywhere. This includes outer space and celestial bodies, such as the moon.

The outer space treaty in 1967 prohibits the territorial claims on outer space and celestial body to avoid disputes. However, if there is no national law about space settlers, a country may try to protect the interests of their citizens and companies by exit the treaty. They then ask their citizens to place the territory of space items.

The state's proposition of territorial claims through military forces may spend money and life. I have been investigating and preferred the alternatives of territorial claims to issue real estate consistent with the "Outer Space Treaty".

Territory claims can only be claimed by the state government, and property rights are suitable for private citizens, companies and state governments with property. The property rights law can specify how authoritative residents have on outer space and celestial bodies and protect their investment.

Outer space treaty

In 1967, the Outer Space Treaty took effect. As of January 2025, 115 countries were the party of the treaty, including the United States and most countries with space plans.

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The "Outer Space Treaty" outlines the principles of peaceful exploration and use of external space and celestial bodies. However, the treaty does not specify how the treaty will apply to the country and company of the treaty.

Therefore, the "Outer Space Treaty" is not a self -execution treaty to a large extent. This means that the US courts cannot apply the treaty clauses to individual citizens and companies. To this end, the United States will need to formulate national legislation to explain how the terms of the treaty applies to non -governmental entities.

An article in the Outer Space Treaty said that participating countries should ensure that all citizens' space activities meet the terms of the treaty. Then, another article allows these countries to have the right to formulate laws to manage citizens and corporate private space activities.

This is particularly related to the United States, and business activities in space in the United States are rapidly increasing.

Charter

It is important to note that the "Outer Space Treaty" requires participating in the National Law and the United Nations Charter.

In the United Nations Charter, there are two international law -related concepts related to property rights. One is the right of one country to defend its own, and the other is the principle of non -intervention.

The principle of international law and non -intervention allows the state to exclude others from its space objects and its continuous activities.

However, how will countries apply this concept to their private citizens and companies? Does individuals and companies have the right to exclude others to prevent interference from interference? What should they do if foreigners interfere or cause damage?

The non -intervention principles in the United Nations Charter control the relationship between countries, not the relationship between individuals. Therefore, in the case involving two private parties, the US court may not implement the principle of non -intervention.

Therefore, unless the United States promulgates legislation to give them their rights, US citizens and companies have no right to exclude others outside the space objects and continuous activities.

US laws and regulations

The United States has recognized more specific laws to manage private space activities. It seeks international support through non -combined Artemis Agreement.

As of January 2025, 50 countries have signed the Artemis agreement.

The agreement explains that the important part of the Outer Space Treaty will be applicable to private space activities. Part of the agreement allows safe areas, including public and private, equipment and operations are harmful to others. The right to self -defense and non -intervention in the United Nations Charter provides a legal basis for the security zone.

In addition to the launch of satellite and rockets, the United States has only promulgated some laws, including the 2015 "Competitive Law of Commercial Space" to manage private activities of outer space and celestial bodies.

As part of the bill, any US citizens who have collected mineral resources on outer space or celestial body have the right to, transport, use, and sell these resources. The bill is an example of national legislation that clarifies how the Obstical Treaty Treaty is applicable to American citizens and companies.

property

Propaganda rights will be clear about the rights and obligations of property owners, as well as the scope of power for property.

All countries on the earth have a property right in its legal system. Property rights usually include the rights of ownership, control, development, exclusion, enjoyment, sale, leasing and mortgage property. Promoting non -dynamic property rights in space will create markets for purchasing, selling, leasing and mortgage properties.

Because the "Outer Space Treaty" is prohibited from claims, the right to spatial property is not necessarily "land grabbing". The operation of property rights in space is different from the space on the earth.

The property rights in space must be based on the authority given to the country based on the Outer Space Treaty. The authority allows them to manage their citizens and assets by formulating laws and implementing laws in the court.

Space property rights will include surrounding security areas to prevent interference. Therefore, before entering the security zone, people must obtain the permission of the property owner.

If U.S. property owners want to sell space property to foreign citizens or companies, the space objects on the property must be replaced by the property of the property or the purchaser's space objects. This will ensure that the country's country still has power on property.

Similarly, if someone shifted its space objects to foreign citizens or companies, the buyer will have to change the international registration of its objects, which will enable the buyer country to have the authority of space objects and surrounding property.

If countries are promulgated in space in space, they can avoid certain territorial disputes, and these laws clearly describe the changes in the state's power on property during sale. Prosperity of property rights can reduce the legal risks of commercial space and support permanent solutions to external space and celestial bodies.

The U.S. property rights law can also include reciprocal provisions, which will encourage other countries to pass similar laws and allow participating countries to recognize each other's property rights.

Through mutually beneficial regulations, as commercial companies around the world began to use foreign space as the next large -scale economic growth, property rights can support economic development.